All posts tagged: Science

Genes in the Endocannabinoid and Opioid Systems may Provide Biomarkers of Obesity

July 16, 2019 Abuse, Anti-inflammatory properties, Antioxidant, Behavior change, Blood-Levels, Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Cannabis Education, Cannabis Science, CB1, CB2, CBD, Diabetes, Future Medicine, Muscle Pain, Neuropathy, Obesity, Pain, Science, THC

Title: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence for a Distinct Regulation of Mu Opioid and Type 1 Cannabinoid Receptor Genes Expression in Obesity

Researchers have recently found that alterations of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) and mu opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) contribute to the development of obesity. This phenomenon was shown in rat models who were given a high-fat diet and humans currently dealing with obesity. Due to the possibility of the up-regulation of CNR1 and OPRM1 providing a mechanism for developing the obesity phenotype, those two genes could serve as biomarkers for obesity. Fortunately, the up-regulation of CNR1 and OPRM1 is reversible and may also provide a target for combatting obesity and encouraging weight loss in obese individuals.

Highlighted here are the interactions of the endocannabinoid and opioid systems. Contradictory evidence concerning the interaction of the two systems has come out in recent years making it difficult to come to any conclusions. The endocannabinoid system has been thought to provide a safe and effective method for combatting the opioid crisis. Opioids are highly addictive and dangerous, but they are an efficient way to minimize pain which has kept them in mainstream medicine. Opioids have led to countless overdoses in recent decades causing researchers to search for a more ethical option for pain relief. Cannabis has a much better safety profile, poses no risk of overdose, and offers a welcome change of pace to traditional choices. Conclusive research is still needed to confirm, and reconfirm the details.

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This paper is also stored here: http://bit.ly/2xOhoPE inside the CED Foundation Archive

Gauging Mice with CBD, part 2

July 16, 2019 Abuse, Animal Model, Blood-Levels, Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Cannabis Science, Impairment, News, Overdose, Science, Stigma

A Forbes article shedding light on #CBD and its effects on the livers of mice. Dr Peter Grinspoon and Devitt-Lee wisely talk some sense around the lousy methods and insensible dosage used on mice to command sensational headlines. http://bit.ly/2XMP36W

The CED Foundation review of the topic: http://bit.ly/2jYOlFX

Consuming CBD with THC Decreases Systemic Availability of THC

July 15, 2019 Adverse Effects, Anxiety, Behavior change, Blood-Levels, Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Cannabis News, Cannabis Science, CB1, CBD, CED Clinic, Dr Caplan, Future Medicine, Impairment, Mood, Rescue, Science, Terpenes, THC, Vaping

Title: Model-based analysis on systemic availability of coadministered cannabinoids after controlled vaporized administration

A new study revealed findings that vaporizing cannabidiol (CBD) with ∆-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) lowers the systemic availability of THC.

Researchers analyzed the blood plasma level of CBD and THC in a randomized, double-blind study, and found that those who inhaled a high dose of CBD were found to have lower levels of THC. Frequent cannabis users were found to have only minorly decreased levels of THC in their plasma when high doses of CBD was coadministered. Future studies should be conducted to examine the validity of these results for other consumption methods.

This work highlights how those who have consumed too much THC can combat some of the symptoms associated with THC by consuming CBD. Occasionally, cannabis users may overindulge in THC and feel anxiety, panic, or dizziness. One of the best ways to combat such overindulgence (and lower the effects of THC) is to consume a high dose of CBD. Other, non-cannabis related, methods are also commonly recommended, such as relaxation or food with high levels of the terpenes caryophyllene and limonene. When using cannabis it’s important to start low and go slow in order to minimize the possibility of overindulgence.

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Model-based analysis on systemic availability of coadministered cannabinoids after controlled vaporized administration Download

This paper is also stored here: http://bit.ly/2xNCHkw inside the CED Foundation Archive

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The Current Research on Cannabis-Alcohol Interactions and Risk Factors for Using Them Together

July 15, 2019 Abuse, Addiction, Adverse Effects, Alcohol, Behavior change, Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Cannabis Education, Cannabis Science, Case Study, CBD, Cognition, Future Medicine, History, Impairment, Memory, Mental Health, Science, THC

Title: Cannabis and Alcohol- From Basic Science to Public Policy

This new analysis summarizes the most recent preclinical trials and epidemiological studies concerning the interactions between cannabis and alcohol, as well as possible risk factors for co-use. Specific risk factors, such as frequency of use or belonging to particular groups, were found to be significant within studies (but not across separate studies.) The compiled data reveals that previous research is inconsistent and emphasizes the need for further research to elucidate at-risk populations.

This article highlights a few secondary findings which all focus on the gaps in our knowledge concerning cannabis, of which there are many. There may be potential concerns with the integration of cannabis into modern culture, which has essentially normalized alcohol consumption. Future research will undoubtedly evaluate these concerns, and highlight potential advantages that cannabis consumption may offer as an alternative option.

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Cannabis and Alcohol: From Basic Science to Public PolicyDownload

This paper is also stored here: http://bit.ly/2Jt1Nfa inside the CED Foundation Archive

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A Call for More Research: Adolescent Cannabis Use and Mental Health Risks

July 15, 2019 Adolescents, Adverse Effects, Anxiety, Behavior change, Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Cannabis Education, Cannabis Science, Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD), Case Study, Cognition, Future Medicine, Impairment, Mental Health, Occasional Use, Pediatrics, Products, Stigma, Testing, THC

Title: Adolescent Cannabis Use and Risk of Mental Health Problems – The Need for Newer Data

Here, an article presenting a case, justifying the need for new research to determine how cannabis use in adolescents may affect their risk for mental health. Few recent studies have come out discussing mental health and adolescent use. This is problematic because, over the years, cannabis products have been curated to be significantly more potent than in the past. Considering how vulnerable the brain is, during adolescence, because it is still developing, longitudinal studies need to be conducted to fully elucidate the effects of cannabis on development.

This review highlights how poorly adolescents consuming cannabis seem to be at titrating their dose, or correctly self-regulating consumption of cannabis. There is an overall need for greater education before cannabis is acquired, from a dispensary or otherwise. For adults and teens seeking to self-regulate their use of cannabis, irrespective of the consumption method, it is difficult to succeed, considering the gross lack of knowledge and sophistication around the dosage. The wide variability in choice and make-up of cannabis products, added to the complexity associated with how each patient may process the myriad of cannabinoids within the products consumed leads to a complexity of confounding variables, and here, a call for more studies to be conducted on more than just adolescents.

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Adolescent Cannabis Use and Risk of Mental Health Problems – The Need for Newer DataDownload

This paper is also stored here: http://bit.ly/2XGXNLC inside the CED Foundation Archive

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Incidents of Driving Under the Influence of Drugs Reveals A Need for Stricter Regulations

July 14, 2019 Adolescents, Adverse Effects, Behavior change, Blood-Levels, Cannabis, Cannabis Education, Cannabis Science, Cognition, Dosing, Driving, Future Medicine, Heavy Use, History, Impairment, Law, Legislation, Reaction Time, Science, Social Justice, Stigma, THC

Title: A review of drug abuse in recently reported cases of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) in Asia, USA, and Europe

A recent literature review has found that the current driving regulations in Asia, Europe, and the US have not prevented cases of driving under the influence of drugs. The authors observed steady trends of incidences of driving under the influence in all three regions, despite legislature specifically enacted against such actions. In the literature, there is a consistent recommendation that drivers should be regularly tested, especially in the case of an accident, in order to gather more data on the role of drugs in traffic accidents.

This review highlights the different illicit drugs that contribute to traffic accidents, depending on the region of the world. Cannabis is legal in certain areas of Europe, whereas it is still considered an illicit substance here in the US, and many other locations, worldwide. Looking at the differences in severity or circumstance of the accidents between the type of illicit drug used may provide data to create more beneficial regulations for each country. As the legal status of cannabis continues to evolve, and it becomes more common to find drivers on the road who have consumed a minimal amount of cannabis, new screening techniques will likely be developed to help the culture establish what it considers an “acceptable amount” of blood-borne cannabinoids to be.

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A review of drug abuse in recently reported cases of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) in Asia, USA, and EuropeDownload

This paper is also stored here: http://bit.ly/2JucMot inside the CED Foundation Archive

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Maintain a Balanced Diet when Consuming Oral Cannabidiol

July 13, 2019 Blood-Levels, Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Cannabis Science, Case Study, Crossover Study, Edibles, Future Medicine, Gastrointestinal Effects, Processing, Science, Taste, THC, Topical

Title: Food effect on pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol oral capsules in adult patients with refractory epilepsy

Researchers have recently revealed the importance of maintaining a balanced diet, when consuming cannabidiol (CBD). Consuming oral capsules containing CBD may be a more consistent method of consumption than blending CBD into liquids or solid foods, but unfortunately, capsules do not prevent a high degree of potential fluctuation of dosing. The fat content of a meal may vary widely, and so may change the active concentrations of CBD which become active in the bloodstream. In other words, the effects felt by a consumer may be either stronger or weaker, and differ in duration, related to the method of consumption, and the product make-up taken. Patients considering CBD as a therapeutic intervention, who also want a consistency of effect, would be wise to be mindful to maintain a diet with a balanced amount of fat (oils, butter, etc.) when consuming CBD capsules.

This article highlights the variation of effects felt when altering consumption methods. For example, edibles and inhaled cannabinoids of the same dosage have extremely different effects, because of how they are processed in the body processes. When inhaled, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) diffuses across structures in the lungs known as alveoli, and are then transmitted to circulate throughout the bloodstream. Edibles introduce THC into the system by first metabolizing with liver enzymes, resulting in an altered metabolite of THC circulating throughout the body. This subtly-altered metabolite of THC can be more potent than the starting material, although the onset is delayed due to the process of consumption, digestion, and metabolism. All consumers would do well to research their consumption method of choice and proceed carefully when switching between methods.

Tweet: Researchers have recently revealed the importance of maintaining a balanced #diet when consuming #cannabidiol (#CBD). Learn more at

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Food effect on pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol oral capsules in adult patients with refractory epilepsyDownload

This paper is also stored here: http://bit.ly/2Ju8KfY inside the CED Foundation Archive

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Standardized Registries may Improve Our Knowledge about Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome

July 13, 2019 Addiction, Adverse Effects, Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Cannabis Dependence, Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome, Cannabis Science, CBD, Gastrointestinal Effects, Heavy Use, Overdose, Science

Title: Cyclic vomiting syndrome- Pathophysiology, comorbidities, and future research directions

A recent article has called for the establishment of a multicenter registry in order to learn more about cyclic vomiting syndrome and related disorders. Creating such a registry would provide a database of patients for clinical trial recruitment, research on patient outcomes across different treatment methods, the underlying mechanism for the disorder, and the ability to identify potential biomarkers for the disorder. The registry would expand our understanding of the disorder, on all fronts, and hopefully, reveal the most effective treatment method.

Could such a registry be created while still safeguarding patient privacy?

Highlighted in this article is the similarity of cyclic vomiting syndrome and cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS). CHS is often misdiagnosed or goes undiagnosed for an exorbitant amount of time. By creating this registry for cyclic vomiting syndrome and related disorders, including CHS, the same information about genetics, underlying mechanisms, and effective treatments could also be determined.

Finding a genetic basis for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome would support patients looking into cannabis-based medicine to decide if cannabis would even be an effective treatment, by allowing them to discover possible side effects to which they might be more susceptible.

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Cyclic vomiting syndrome: Pathophysiology, comorbidities, and future research directions Download

This paper is also stored here: http://bit.ly/2JtDAFm inside the CED Foundation Archive

See the full available literature on Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome here: http://bit.ly/2XHfdrI

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False Memory Formation Does not Differ between Cannabis Users and Controls

July 13, 2019 Adverse Effects, Behavior change, Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Cannabis Education, Cannabis Science, Citizen Science, Cognition, Dementia, Future Medicine, Heavy Use, Memory, Occasional Use, Reaction Time, Science, Stigma, THC

Title: False memory formation in cannabis users- a field study

This new study has revealed that although cannabis use does not increase the rate of false memory acquisition, cannabis use did increase the uncertainty of participants. It was also determined that intoxicated cannabis users were less accurate when recognizing true events, providing evidence that cannabis intoxication hinders memory formation.

This research provides a basis of knowledge for those interviewing people under the influence of cannabis for legal proceedings to determine the validity of their statements. If cannabis intoxication increases the uncertainty and liberal answers provided by users then their statements should be used sparingly or well-corroborated.

This research highlights the importance of understanding cannabis for legal proceedings. More and more state governments are legalizing medical and recreational cannabis, each year, increasing the amount of those eligible to legally consume cannabis. As cannabis use continues to climb in popularity, witnesses or others interviewed in legal settings may not provide the most accurate information. Acute cannabis use should be a consideration related to legal proceedings so that the users’ statements can be weighed appropriately.

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False memory formation in cannabis users: a field studyDownload

This paper is also stored here: http://bit.ly/2Jt6eWY inside the CED Foundation Archive

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The Endocannabinoid System May Play a Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders

July 12, 2019 Animal Model, Autism, Behavior change, Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Cannabis Science, CB1, Future Medicine, Science, Stigma

Title: CB1 receptor antagonism in capuchin monkeys alters social interaction and aversive memory extinction

A recent study has revealed that the dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system may play a role in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Using non-human primates, researchers were able to mimic some of the social impairment seen in autism models by antagonizing cannabinoid 1 receptors with synthetic cannabinoids. Future research may continue to show links between ASD and the endocannabinoid system, suggesting that cannabinoids may be used to treat the social impairments characteristic in ASD.

This research highlights how the endocannabinoid system may provide novel targets for developing therapies for what have seemed, previously, to be treatment-resistant disorders. Autism is still not well-understood and has many false beliefs associated with it. By studying the possible role of the endocannabinoid systems in ASD, researchers may be able to shed light on the mechanism(s) underlining the disorders and develop targeted treatments that allow patients a degree of greater control over the symptoms.

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CB1-receptor-antagonism-in-capuchin-monkeys-alters-social-interaction-and-aversive-memory-extinction Download

This paper is also stored here: http://bit.ly/2Ju4dds inside the CED Foundation Archive

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